Use Purdue OWL's Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) guidelines and templates to help you format you papers and bibliographies:
Find additional help at UM-Dearborn's Writing Center.
Cite specific, not-commonly-known information, direct quotations, and paraphrased arguments made by others (even if you are paraphrasing their argument!). This last one is often the hardest, but it is also vitally important. If you don’t do it, you have plagiarized
In Chicago Style, you cite your sources through superscript numbers (example1) with the citation information in the footnotes. You should also include all the sources you cited at the end of your project in a bibliography. Note that the way that you format citations in the footnotes is slightly different than in the bibliography. The first time you cite a source in the text of your paper and use a footnote, you should write out the full citation. If you cite that source again later in your paper/project, you may use a shortened version of it according to these rules:
When citing a work of one author in a subsequent note, use only the author’s last name and the page number. The title of the work can be omitted. Example: (Valero, 55).
For two authors, use both last names. Example: (Craig and Karl, 36).
In case of more than two authors, use the first author’s last name and the abbreviation “et al.” for the remaining authors. Example: (James, et al., 5).
In the case of an article or book without an author, use a shortened title and page number.
Example of Chicago Style Paper Formatting
| Type of Source | Footnote | Bibliography |
|
Journal Article (Use the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) for the article when available. When there is no DOI and the URL is not stable, treat as a print journal (don't include URL). |
First Name Last Name, “Title of Article,” Name of Journal, volume number, issue number (year): page number, doi Example: |
Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Name of Journal volume number, issue number. doi Example: |
| Book |
First Name Last Name, Title of Book (City, State Abbreviation: Publisher, year): page number. Example: |
Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. City, State Abbreviation: Publisher, year. Example: |
| Book Chapter |
First Name Last Name, “Book Chapter Title,” in Title of Book, ed Editor First Name Last Name (City: Publisher, Year), page number. Example: |
Last Name, First Name. “Book Chapter Title.” In Book Title, edited by Editor Name, pp-pp. City: Publisher, Year Example: |
|
Journal article with more than one author (Use the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) for the article when available. When there is no DOI and the URL is not stable, treat as a print journal (don't include URL). |
First name Last name, First Name Last Name, and First Name Last name, “Title of Article,” Journal Title volume, issues number (Month Year): page number. Example: |
Last Name, First Name, and First Name Last Name. “Title of Article.” Journal Title volume, issue number (year): page range. Example: |
|
Website Include the author if available, the title of the site, the sponsor, the publication date or date last modified, and the site’s URL. Do not italicize the title of the website unless the site is an online book or periodical. If a website does not have a publication date or date last modified, then give the date you accessed it |
First Name Last Name, “Title of Webpage,” Website, last modified Month Date, Year, URL.
|
Last Name, First Name. “Title of Webpage.” Website Name. Last modified Month Date, Year. URL. Ryder, Stephen, “Ripper Letters.” Casebook: Jack the Ripper. Last modified Feb 2, 2023. https://www.casebook.org/ripper_letters/#. |
